导游证面试英语（导游面试英语）

Thebuildingofthewallbeganin,orderedbyZhuYuanzhangwhoadoptedthesuggestionof“buildingthehighwall”byoneofhisstaffandfoundedtheMingDynastytwoyearslater.Morethanpeoplewereemployedontheprojectandmanyofthemdiedbeforethewallwascompletedin.

Thewallwas33.678kilometersincircumferenceand14.21metershighonaverage.Thebaseofthewallis14meterswideandthetopofthewallis7meterswide.Itwasthelongestcitywallintheworldandthecityenclosedbyitremainedtheworld’slargestuntilthe17thcentury.Greatpartofthewallbaseismadeofgraniteorrectangularslabsoflimestone,andbothsidesofthewallarelaidwithhugebricks.Eachbrickis45centimeterslong,20centimeterswideand10centimetersthickwithaweightof15kilograms.Thebrickswerecementedinwithamortaroflimemixedwithtungoilandglutinousricegruel.Inordertoguaranteethequalityofthewall,ZhuYuanzhanghadtightcontroloverthemakingofallbricks.Thebrick-makersandtheofficialswereresponsibleforoverseeingthequality.Incaseabrickwasfoundnotuptothestandard,allofthemweresupposedtobepunished.Thereforemanypartsofthewallarestillingoodcondition.

Differentfromthesquare-shapedcitywallsofmostancientChinesecities,thewallofNanjingfollowedthenaturaltopographyandformedanirregularshape.Bythisconstruction,naturalbarriers,suchasmountains,rivers,andlakewereallemployedtostrengthenthefortificationofthecity.Thecitywallhas24gates,amongwhichonly13gatesweretheoriginalonesfromMingtimeandtherestwerebuiltoraddedfortrafficpurposelateron.

Amongallthegates,ZhonghuaGateisthelargest.ThegatewasformerlycalledtheTreasureBowlGate,whichisconnectedwithaninterestingstorypopularamongthelocalpeople.IntheearlyMingdynastywhenEmperorZhuYuanzhangstaredtobuildacitywallaroundNanjing,everythingwaswelldone,exceptthatthisgatefailedtobebuiltaftermanyattempts.Fromhisprimeminister,theemperorheardofapoorfishermannamedShenwanshan,whogotatreasurebowlandbecameveryrich.Theimperialcourtdispatchedpeopletocheathimoutofthereassurebowlandburieditintothegroundasthefoundationofthegate.Thegatewasfinallybuiltup.FromthetimethegatewasgiventhenameJubaoinChinesewhichmeanstreasurebowl.

Coveringanareaofsquaremeters,20metershigh,thegatehas4entranceswith4doors.Behindthefirstconventionaldoublepanelwoodendoor,thereare3other23-centimeter-thickverticallyslidingstonedoors.Theheavystonedoorsareliftedanddroppedwiththehelpofamechanicalwinch.Ifenemytroopsbrokethroughthefirstwoodendoor,theycouldbeseparatedandtrappedinsidebythedroppingoftheother3stonedoors.Thisstrategyisknowninchinaas“beatingdogsbehindbolteddoor.”

Thefistentranceisinathree-tierbuildinginwhich27tunnelsarebuilt.Thesetunnelsarespaciousenoughtoquartermorethansoldiersandstorelargequantitiesoffoodandammunitions.Therearewidehorserampsonbothsides.Atthetop,thereusedtobearostrumallowingacommandingview.Unfortunately,therostrumtogetherwithotherpartsofthewallwasdestroyedbytheJapaneseinvadersintheAnti-Japanesewar.

Nowadays,21.35-kilometercitywallsurvivesandisamongthepreservationlistofmonumentsandhistoricalsitesapprovedbythestatecouncil.TheNanjingmunicipalGovernmentplanstohavepartofthecitywallrepairedandsomeofthecitygatesrenovated.

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