高中英语句子的基本结构(句型英语高中)
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句子的种类
一.简单句
一个简单句里只有一个主谓结构(有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语),而谓语又一定是需要限定动词的,因此,通过对限定动词的识别,可以帮助我们判断一个句子是不是简单句,找出其基本结构中缺少或多余的成分。请看以下例句:
Isawhimwalkingtotheofficethismorningandlookingeagertogetthereandstartwork.(saw是限定动词;walking,looking,toget,start都是非限定性动词,即非谓语动词。)
Whilecuttingtrees,onemanwasnearlykilledbyafallingtree.(was是限定动词;cutting,killed,falling是非限定动词。)
Youcaneitherstayhereorcomewithus.
(stay,come都是非限定动词;can是情态动词,canstayorcome作谓语。)
二.并列句
1.并列连词及其使用
1)常用的并列连词(或称等立连词)有:and,or,but,for,notonly...but(also),either...or,
nether...nor,both...and.
2)除for以外的并列连词都可以用来连接一个单句里的两个并列成分,例如:
JennyandIaregoodfriends。Werun,jumpandshoutforjoytogether.
(当有两个以上的并列成分时,一般只在最后两者之间用连词。)
WegoforawalkorwatchTVaftersupper.。
Thebikeisquiteoldbutinexcellentcondition.
Eitheryouranswerormineiswrong.
3)除both...and以外的并列连词还可用来连接两个简单句(或称并列分句),构成并列句。
Shewasoftenlateandeverybodyknew,butnooneaskedwhy.
Theoldladydoesn'tgooutinthewinter,forshefeelsthecoldagreatdeal.
Notonlyistheteacherhimselfinterestedhthesubjectbuta11hisstudentsarebeginningtoshowaninterestinit.
2.连接并列分句的其它手段
1)when/where偶尔也可作并列连词;如:
IwaswalkingdownthestreetwhenIrememberedthatIhadforgottenmyumbrella.(when=andthen)
LastnightIwenttothetheatrewhereIsawTom'sparents,(where=andthere)Thetongueisnotsteel,yetitcuts.
I’mbusytoday,socanyoucometomorrow?
Gointothecave,thentheywon'tseeyou.
Itmaybepossibleornot;however,weshallunderstand.
I’veneverbeentoBerlin;thereforeIdon'tknowmuchaboutit.2)副词yet,的和then可以连接并列分句:
3)还可用分号“;”。如:3.并列分句的排列顺序必须考虑各分句之间的逻辑关系及其时间上的先后顺序,具体情况具体分析。1)有些并列的分句可以相互颠倒,并不影响所表达的句意,如:Everyonewasintheclassroomandthedoorswereclosed.
(=Thedoorswerec1osedandeveryonewasintheclassroom.)
2)多数并列句里的分句不能相互颠倒。如:
Mostofuswereintheclassroom,thedoorswereclosedandthelatecomershadtowaitOutside.
(为说明门关之后,迟到者只好在外等着,后两个分句的顺序不能颠倒。)
Wewerecomingtoseeyou,butitrained(sowedidn’t)。
(考虑到两个分句所谈事实的时间先后与逻辑关系,它们的位置不能颠倒。)
三.复合句
1.复合句由一个主句和一个(或一个以上的)从句组成。用来连接从句的连词是从属连词。从句附属于主句的方式有三种:
1)相当另一个句子里的某个名词或名词词组的作用,作名词从句。
Everyonecouldseethetruth/(that)itwastrue.
2)修饰句子里的某个名词或代词,作定语从句。如:
IoftenseeMyoldfriends/myschoolfriendswhowereatschoolwithme.
3)相当另一个句子里的某个状语的作用,作状语从句。如:
Imetyourbrothertenyearsago/whenIcametothisschool.2.两类连词的区分与使用并列连词与从属连词的作用不同,注意不可混用。如:
不能说:*AlthoughIwasgoodatmaths,butIwasnevergivenfullmarks.(although与but不能连用)
应说:AlthoughIwasgoodatmaths,(yet)Iwasnevergivenfullmarks.
或:Iwasgoodatmaths,but/yetIwasnevergivenfullmarks.
不能说:*Unlessyouworkharder,oryouwillfailtopassthetest.(unless与or不能连用)
应说:Unlessyouworkharder,youwillfailtopassthetest.
或:Workharder/youmustworkharder,oryouwillfailtopassthetest.
四.陈述句的肯定与否定
1.not及其它否定词的使用
1)否定句一般可以由否定词not及必要的助词来构成,例如:
Theseexercisesarenotdifficult.
Idon'tlikesweets.
2)除not以外,还有以下这些否定词,也能构成否定句:
a)never,hardly,seldom一类含否定意义的副词。如:
Ihavenot/never/hardly(ever)/seldomspokentoMr.George.
Ihavenotsaidanythingtoanybodyaboutit.
Ihavespokentonobody/nooneaboutit.
Ihavesaidnothingtoanybodyaboutit.
Ihaven'tanymoney/Ihavenomoney.
Ihaven'tany./Ihavenone.
c)neither和nor,主要在以下句式中:
---Ihaven'tspokentoMr.George.
---Neither/NorhaveI.
当用作连词时,neither要在nor之前。如:
NeitherBobnorIbrokethewindow.Weneitherwantnorneedanyhelpfromyou,thankyou.b)no,none以及其它由no-构成的复合词(nothing,nobody,noone,nowhere等)。
2.肯定变否定时的其它相应变化
肯定与否定句的区别,除了看有无否定词之外,还可能体现在其它方面,试比较:Ihavefoundsomemistakesalready.
Ihaven'tfoundanyyet?(some>>>any;already>>>yet)
Ihavefoundsomemistakes,too.
Ihaven'tfoundanyeither.(too>>>either)
五.疑问句
1.否定问句
1)否定问句可由否定句变来,例如:
Hedoesn'teatmeat.
Ihaven'tseenhim.
结构相当正规,如:
Doeshenoteatmeat?(不能说*Doesnothe...?)
Haveyounotseenhim?(不能说*Havenotyou...?)
3)否定问句的回答要“前后如一”,不可受汉语影响犯以下这类错误:
—Doesn'theeatmeat?
一Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn't.
(不能说Yes,hedoesn't./No,hedoes.)
2.反意疑问句的一般构成
1)反意疑问句的一般构成是:肯定陈述,否定尾句;否定陈述,肯定尾句。要注意反问尾
句中的助词(或系动词、情态动词等)与人称代词应与陈述部分中的语法动词与主语取
得一致。例如:
Janeisyourcousin,isn’tshe?Thereisnodoubt,isthere?
Weneedtoaskfirst,don’twe?Weneedn’taskfirst,needwe?
2)要注意陈述部分主语后面的缩写形式's或'd的真实意义,以决定尾句应该选用的助动
词或系动词等。如:
He’snevermetyoubefore,hashe?(He's=Hehas)
He’sgoingtotellyouthetruth,isn'the?(He's=Heis)
You'dbettergo,hadn'tyou?(you'd=youhad)
You'dratherstay,wouldn'tyou?(you'd=youwould)
3)要注意“否定陈述+肯定尾句”的回答必须前后一致。
Youseldomgoswimminginthemorning,doyou?
Yes,Ido,/No,Idon't.
3.比较特殊的反意疑问句
有些反意疑问句的尾句构成比较特殊,应当引起注意:
Fewpeopleknewtheanswer,didthey?(few为否定含义,后接肯定尾句。)
I'molderthanyou,aren'tI?(Iam后面的否定尾句常用aren'tI?)
Passmethenewspaper,willyou?(肯定祈使句用willyou?)
Don'tbelatenexttime,willyou?(否定祈使句后也用willyou?)
Remembertolockthedoor,won'tyou?(用won'tyou表示请求或恳求。)
Useyourhead,can'tyou?(can'tyou表示不耐烦或不满的斥责。)
Let'sdoitbyourselves,shallwe?(第一人称祈使句,we包括说话人与听话人双方。)
Letusdoitbyourselves,willyou?(第二人称祈使句,we只指说话人一方。)
Everybodyhasbeentoldwhattodo,haven'tthey?(尽管hasn'the似乎更合语法;习惯常用haven'tthey。)
Doesn'theeatmeat?>>>Haven'tyouseenhim?
2)否定问句的开头一般都用not的缩写形式;如分开,则须将not放到主语之后,但这类
Noneofusknewtheway,didwe?(noneofus作主语,尾句中用we)
SomeofyouarelearningRussian,aren'tyou?(同上句理解。)
4.特殊疑问句
1)两种语序:
a)当疑问词为主语或主语的定语时,语序与陈述句相同,如:
Somebodybrokethewindow.>>>Whobrokethewindow?
Somethingbrokethewindow.>>>Whatbrokethewindow?
Somebody'swindowwasbroken.>>>Whosewindowwasbroken?
b)当疑问词为其它成分时,则疑问词后面的语序与一般疑问句相同,如:
HewasreadingChinaDaily.>>>Whatpaperwashereading?
Isawthefilmyesterday.>>>Whendidyouseethefilm?
2)要注意选择恰当的疑问词以及与之搭配的其他词语,如:
IboughtabikemadeinTianjing.>>>Whatbikedidyoubuy?
Thenewbikeunderthetreeismine.>>>Whichbikeisyours?Hedidhisworkcarefully.>>>Howdidhedohiswork?
Igotothelibrarytwiceaweek.>>>Howoftendoyougotothelibrary?
Hepaintedthedeskwhite.>>>Whatcolordidhepaintthedesk?
5.两类选择疑问句
1)一类是以一般疑问句为基础的。如:
DoyouspeakFrenchorGerman?
Willtheycometoseeusorsha11wegotoseethem?
HasHenryfinishedhisbreakfastorhasn'the?
2)另一类是以特殊疑问句为基础的,可以看成是由一个Wh-问句加上并列起来供人选择
的两个(或两个以上的)答案构成的。如:
Howdoyougotoschooleveryday,bybusoronfoot?
Whenshallwesetoff,atsixor(at)sixthirty?
六.祈使句
1.祈使句的主语
1)主语应为第二人称时,通常不表示出来,如:
Readafterme,please.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.Havethisseat,willyou?(可加反意疑问句)Letmehaveatry.Lethimtryagain.All/Everybodybehereattwoo'clock。(也可不用Let)2)行为动作的主语为第一、三人称时,祈使句通带以Let开头:
2.祈使句的强调与否定
1)祈使句的强调结构是在句首加Do:
Docomeearlynexttime.Dobecareful!2)祈使句的否定是在句首加Don't:Don'taskmewhy.Don'tbelate.
Don't1ettherebetoomuchnoise.
Neverbuywhatyoucannotpayfor.(也可用Never)
3.祈使句+and/or结构
这类结构常可与含if从句的复合句相互转换:
Giveh1maninch,andhe'lltakeayard.(=lfyougivehimaninch,he'lltakeayard.)
Wearyourcoat,oryou'llcatchcold.(Ifyoudon'twearyourcoat,you'llcatchcold.)七.感叹句
1.What+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主谓
Whatabeautifuldayitis!
Whatwonderfulweatherwearehaving!
1)What之后是否用a/an要看后面的名词是否可数;是单数还是复数:
Whatbeautifulmusictheboyisplaying!(music不可数,前面不可加a/an.)Whatfoolstheywere!(fools,复数,不可加a/an)Whatabeautifulday!
Whatfools!
Howhardyou'vebeenworking!Howtimeflies!
2)在上下文清楚的情况下,感叹句中的主谓结构甚至形容词都可省略。如:2.How+adj./adv.+主谓!
Howhappyweare!
How也可修饰句中动词,如:HowImissyou,myfriend!3.How+adj.+a/an+单数名词„:
Howfoolishaboyheis!(=Whatafoolishboyheis!)
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