英语助动词的分类（助动词英语语法）

一、分类：助动词可分为三类

(一)、基本助动词：这类助动词帮助构成谓语，表示语态﹑语气﹑肯定﹑否定﹑疑问和强调。有三个：do,be,have

(二)、时态助动词：帮助构成谓语，表示时态。有二个：will,shall

(三)、情态助动词：帮助构成谓语，表示说话者的态度和看法。

有：canmayshallwill

couldmightshouldwould

dareneedmustoughtto

二、用法：

(一)、构成疑问句

1.do:放在主语之前(过去时用did,单三人称用does)

Doyousendherthemessage?

Agroupofchildresmileandsay:“Stranger,wheredoyoucomefrom?”

Doesaratrunacrossthestreetwitheverybodyshouting“Killit”?

Didyouaskforthedayoffbeforeyouleftschool?

注：如果有其他助动词时，不用do

Hehasbeenaboardfortwoyears.

→Hashebeenaboardfortwoyears?

Wecandealwithourownbusinees.

→Canwedealwitnourownbusinees?

2.be:放在主语之前(有人称和数的变化;有时态的变化)

Iyouwe/you/they/复数名词

现在时：amareare

过去时：waswerewree

Areyouastudent?

Isyouparentathome?

Isthisyournewhouse?

WasMarrylateforthemeetingthismorrning?

注：1.如果疑问词修饰主语，则不用do/does/did构成疑问词句,句子为陈述语序：

Whatbookssellwellthisyear?

Whosecameraneedsrepairing?

Whichcarhitthreechildrenyesterday?

2.疑问词做主语，句子为陈述语序：

Whoisyourfather?

What’sthis?

(二)构成否定句

助动词与not合用

Don’tbothermewithit.

Hedidn’tdoanythingthatisbadforyou.

Allofusdonotwanttobecriticized.

注：如果有其他助动词时,直接在其后加not

Heisathomenow.

→Heisnotathomenow.

Wehavealreadypackedourclothes.

→Wehavenotpackedourclothesyet.

Shewillgivehimagiftonhisbirthday.

→Shewon’tgivehimagiftonhisbirthday.

注：have1表示“有”时，其疑问和否定有两种形式

英国英语美国英语

Howmanypenpalshashe?Howmanypenpalsdoeshehave?

Haveyouanymoneywithyou?Doyouhaveanymoneywithyou?

Hehasnotacar.Hedoesnothaveacar.

have2表示其它意义时，用do/does/did构成疑问和否定

Doyouhaveabatheverday?

Didyoubavealetterfromhomethismorning?

Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfast?

Shedoesn’thavemuchdifficultyinstudyingFrench.

(三)、构成强调句

在祈使句，do和动词原形连用，表示强调(be没有其它形式的变化)

Docometomybirthdayparty.

Dohurry!

Don’tworry!Iamhere.

Don’tbeafraidorhim,heisnottheonetobeafridof.

Dobepoliteandreasonable.

在动词前，加强说话的语气。(可以用于过去式)

Idomissyou.

Ididgothere.

(四)、构成时态

1.be:构成一般现在进行时和过去进行时(有人称和数的变化)

be+现在分词(现在进行时)

was/were+现在分词(过去进行时)

Heissingingwhilehiswifeisdonghomework.

WearegettingreadyfortheBeijingOlympicGames.

Tomwasplayingcomputergameswhenhisfathergothomr.

2.have:构成完成时态

现在完成时用have/has(单三人称)

过去完成时用had

Hehasgotmarried.

ThemanagerhasleftforAmerica.

Bytheendoflastweek,theyhadfinishedhalfofthework.

WehavebeenstudyingEnglishforsixyears.(现在完成进行时)

EnglishhasbeenspokeninChinaforalongtime.(现在完成时的被动语态)

3.shall/will构成将来时态

一般将来时用shall/will

过去将来时用should/would

Ishallbe40nextmonth.

Weshallknowtheresulttomorrow.

Unlessthetexicomessoon,we’llmisstheplane.

I’msureIwon’tlosemyway.

Iwonderedwhetherhewouldsurvivedthestorm.

Hesaidhewouldlovemeforever.

(五)构成被动语态

be+动词的过去分词(及物动词)(有人称和数的变化;有时态的变化)

Thewindowwasbrokenbyaboy.

Afullcupmustbecarriedsteadily.(满杯则溢)

It’ssaidthatthebuildingwouldbecompletednextmonth.

Goodwillberewardedwithgood;andevilwithevil.(善有善报，恶有恶报)

三、情态助动词的用法和其它助动词用法相似(和动词原形连用,无人称和数的变化)

1.直接位于主语前构成疑问

Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?

Shallwehavearest?

MustIfinishitnow?

2.和not连用构成否定

Hecann’tdriveacar.

Youshouldnottreathimlikethat.

Idarenotspeakinpublic.

3.有时态的变化

Hecouldnotreadandwriteattheageofthree.

Shecanspeakfivekindsofforeignlanguages.

Itwillbefinenextweek.

4.有语态的变化(被动语态)

Thetreemaybeplantedinspring.

Teenagersshouldbeallowedtochoosetheirownclothes.

Theroommustbekeptclean.

注：need与dare，既是情态动词又是行为动词，其区别如下：

情态动词行为动词

无人称和数的变化,无过去式有人称和数的变化

后接动词原形后接带to的动词原形

直接加not构成否定用do/does/didnot构成否定

直接位于主语前构成疑问用do/does/did构成疑问

Heneedn’tcomeifheisbusy.Youneedtoconcentrateonyoursdudy.

NeedIrepeatwhatIsaidjustnow?Adamneedstofinishhiswork.

NobodyneedbeafraidofdevelopingAIDS.Doesheneedtohelpherwithit?

Frankdarenotasktheteacherquestions.Hedarestofacethechallenge.

Howdareyoutakemybookaway?Jannedoesn’tdaretosayanything.

Dareyouacceptmychallenge?

Shewastoldthatthechildrenneednotstay.

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